Certification guides: CE, FCC, RED, PTCRB

The complete spilma guide directory, organised by topic. Each guide complements the certification pillars (CE, FCC, RED, PTCRB) with normative detail, required tests, common pitfalls and official references.

186 guides across 11 topics

Process & methodology 37 guides

CE vs FCC: EMC comparison for electronics

CE vs FCC EMC comparison, methods (CISPR 32 vs ANSI C63.4), Class B limits, immunity required only in EU, MRA and a single test plan for EU + US.
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IoT product in EU and US: dual certification

The complete playbook for running CE, RED, FCC and PTCRB in parallel: 5-7 month schedule, shared test reports, mutualised costs and multi-regime pitfalls.
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RED Directive 2014/53/EU, the complete checklist

RED project checklist in 6 phases, scoping, design, internal pre-tests, external lab, technical file, market placement, with deliverables, owners and evidence.
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Self-declaration vs Notified Body: choosing your route

Module A, A1, B+C, D, H, when the manufacturer can self-declare CE conformity, when a Notified Body becomes mandatory, and how to choose in practice.
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Certification timeline, how long should you plan for?

Project-planning reference for CE, RED, FCC and PTCRB, realistic durations by regime and product complexity, critical paths and hidden bottlenecks.
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Certification costs, realistic ranges

Multi-regime certification budget CE, RED, FCC, PTCRB, complete breakdown of direct lab fees, indirect costs, retests, recertifications and post-market maintenance.
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EU Declaration of Conformity (DoC): template + content

Copy-paste EU DoC template, multi-directive aggregated, mandatory content per Decision 768/2008 Annex III, RED Annex VI specifics, 10-year archiving rules.
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IEC 61508: generic functional safety and SIL levels

Generic functional-safety standard for E/E/PE safety-related systems, parent of ISO 26262, EN 50128, IEC 61511 and IEC 62061: SIL levels, lifecycle, HFT/SFF.
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Choosing a Notified Body: NANDO and scope verification

How to select an EU Notified Body: query the NANDO database, read the notified scope, compare candidates and anticipate lead times.
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Conformity assessment modules A-H (768/2008/EC)

The eight conformity assessment modules codified by Decision 768/2008/EC, their variants, their use across CE directives, and the decision grid.
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EU Authorised Representative and Importer

Regulation (EU) 2019/1020: five economic-operator categories, Article 4 keystone, covered acts, written-mandate content, FSP + online-marketplace duties.
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EU market surveillance and Safety Gate (formerly RAPEX)

EU market surveillance: Regulation 2019/1020, EUPCN network, Safety Gate (formerly RAPEX) and GPSR 2023/988 for dangerous consumer products.
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Change management: FCC Class II permissive and RED delta

When a hardware or firmware change to a certified product triggers retest: FCC permissive change, RED substantial modification, MDR significant change.
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Component substitution: when does a swap trigger retest?

Component substitution rules per directive (LVD, EMC, RED, FCC, MDR), retest scope, PCN handling, radio module equivalence, safety-critical parts.
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NB surveillance audits: cadence and conduct

Notified body surveillance audits after certificate issue: annual cadence, MDR/IVDR unannounced audits, scope, non-conformity grading, CAPA closure.
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CE marking: dimensions, proportions and visual rules

Dimensions, proportions, position and contrast of the CE marking under Regulation (EU) 765/2008, Annex II, and Decision 768/2008, Annex I.
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E-label vs physical label: rules by jurisdiction

Digital regulatory label vs physical marking: what is permitted in US, EU, UK, Canada, Australia, Japan, Korea, China and MDR, with required content per regime.
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Multi-marking layouts: CE, FCC, UKCA, ANATEL and other marks

Layout rules for product labels stacking CE, UKCA, FCC, IC, ANATEL, GITEKI, KC, NCC, CCC, EAC and other multi-jurisdiction regulatory marks.
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QMS: ISO 9001, AS 9100, ISO 13485, TL 9000 compared

Quality management systems for electronics: ISO 9001 generic baseline, AS 9100 aerospace, ISO 13485 medical, TL 9000 telecom. Stacking, audits, sector overlays.
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Certification test plan: template and checklist

How to draft a certification test plan for a CE, FCC, RED or PTCRB campaign: scope, sample plan, sequence, labs, acceptance criteria and change control.
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Risk management: ISO 14971, IEC 31010, FMEA, FTA, HAZOP

Risk management for product certification: ISO 14971 medical, IEC 31010 techniques, FMEA, FTA, ETA, HAZOP, STAMP/STPA, sector overlays and dossier traceability.
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Calibration and measurement uncertainty (GUM, CISPR)

GUM (JCGM 100), VIM, CISPR 16-4-2 uncertainty budgets, ISO/IEC 17025 traceability and ILAC G8 decision rules for marginal EMC and radio test outcomes.
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Product recall and EU Safety Gate response procedure

Recall response after field non-compliance: GPSR notification, Safety Gate alert, CPSC Section 15(b), risk assessment, corrective action, post-recall closure.
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Getting started with certification: where to begin

A product needs certification, where do you start? The mental model, self-certify or third party, EU vs US vs global, time and budget orders of magnitude.
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Which EU directives apply to my product?

How to map a product to applicable EU directives and regulations, how multiple directives stack on one device, scope thresholds, exclusions, and the US analogue.
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Accessibility: European Accessibility Act, EN 301 549

Directive (EU) 2019/882 applies since 28 June 2025: scope, harmonised standard EN 301 549, link to WCAG 2.1, NLF conformity and manufacturer obligations.
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Harmonised standards and presumption of conformity

What a harmonised standard is, how OJEU citation grants presumption of conformity, dated vs undated references, and what to do when no standard exists.
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Conformity assessment bodies and accreditation

Who tests and who certifies: notified body, accredited lab, certification body, NRTL and TCB, what accreditation under ISO/IEC 17025 and 17065 actually means.
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Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU: a guide

Scope, voltage limits, exclusions, essential safety objectives, harmonised standards, module A conformity and CE marking under the LVD 2014/35/EU.
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FCC ID, Grantee Code & TCB: equipment authorization

How FCC equipment authorization works in practice: SDoC vs Certification, obtaining a Grantee Code, FCC ID structure, the role of a TCB, labeling and modular approval.
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Technical documentation file: required contents

What goes in the CE technical file: product description, drawings, applied standards, risk assessment, test reports, the DoC, retention rules and who can request it.
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UKCA vs CE: which marking do you need?

UKCA vs CE comparison: legal basis for GB and the EU, approved bodies vs notified bodies, designated standards, the indefinite CE recognition, Northern Ireland.
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ISED vs FCC: which radio authorisation?

ISED Canada versus FCC head to head: equipment authorisation, IC number vs FCC ID, RSS-Gen vs Part 15, RSS-102 vs OET 65, labelling, shared test data and the MRA.
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User instructions, safety information & languages

Instructions and safety information are an essential requirement, not an add-on, must be in the language of each market, and carry product traceability for CE marking.
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Substantial modification: when to re-certify in the EU

When a change to a product already on the market becomes a substantial modification under the Blue Guide, making the modifier a manufacturer with full CE obligations.
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Worked example: an IoT sensor through RED and FCC

A fully hypothetical, NDA-safe worked example tracing a battery BLE and sub-GHz environmental sensor end to end through EU RED and US FCC certification.
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Copy-paste certification templates: DoC, file, tests

Copy-paste certification templates: an EU Declaration of Conformity skeleton, a technical-documentation contents checklist, and a test-plan outline, with short guidance.
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EMC & RF testing 20 guides

SAR procedures: absorption rate (IEC 62209, EN 50360)

Specific absorption rate (SAR) measurement under IEC 62209, EN 50360/50566 and OET 65, limits 2 W/kg vs 1.6 W/kg, SAM phantom, mmWave and power density.
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ESD per IEC 61000-4-2: method and test levels

ESD immunity testing per IEC 61000-4-2: contact levels 2 to 8 kV, air 2 to 15 kV, 150 pF / 330 ohm RC gun, performance criteria A/B/C, ISO 10605, EN 55035.
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Surge and Burst (IEC 61000-4-5 / 4-4): EMC transients

Conducted transient immunity tests IEC 61000-4-5 (Surge, 1.2/50 us wave) and IEC 61000-4-4 (EFT/Burst, 5/50 ns burst), Class 1 to 4 levels, A/B/C criteria.
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Voltage dips + interruptions (IEC 61000-4-11)

IEC 61000-4-11 immunity test for voltage dips, short interruptions and variations on AC mains supplies; IEC 61000-4-34 scope for currents above 16 A.
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Radiated emissions EMC test: pre-scan and final scan

Radiated emissions per CISPR 32 and FCC Part 15: 30 MHz-1 GHz vs above-1 GHz split, QP/peak/AV detectors, pre-scan strategy, 6 dB margin, pitfalls.
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Conducted emissions: LISN method and CISPR + FCC limits

Conducted EMC emissions 150 kHz to 30 MHz with LISN under CISPR 16-1-2, CISPR 32, CISPR 11 and FCC Part 15 Subpart B: limits, detectors, mitigation.
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HAC: Hearing Aid Compatibility (FCC 20.19, C63.19)

Hearing Aid Compatibility under 47 CFR 20.19 and ANSI C63.19: acoustic, telecoil and Bluetooth coupling, the phased 100 percent mandate, links with SAR.
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3GPP RF Conformance: TS 36.521 and 38.521 for LTE and 5G NR

3GPP UE RF conformance test plan structure: TS 36.521 (LTE) and TS 38.521 (NR FR1/FR2), TX, RX, RRM, signalling, callbox, PTCRB and GCF.
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Radio: RX blocking, selectivity and intermodulation tests

Receiver-side radio test methodology under RED article 3.2 and FCC Part 15: blocking, ACS, IM3 intermodulation, spurious response, FR2 OTA.
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IEC 61000-4-3: radiated RF field immunity

IEC 61000-4-3 Ed 4.0:2020: radiated fields 80 MHz-1 GHz with 1.4-6 GHz extension, 3/10/20 V/m levels, 80% AM 1 kHz, field uniformity, A/B/C criteria.
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IEC 61000-4-6: conducted RF immunity

IEC 61000-4-6 conducted-immunity test method, 150 kHz to 80 MHz, CDN coupling networks, EM clamp, BCI injection, 1/3/10 V levels and A/B/C criteria.
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Harmonics and flicker (IEC 61000-3-2 and 3-3): mains quality

IEC 61000-3-2 (harmonic current, classes A B C D, orders 2-40) and IEC 61000-3-3 (Pst Plt dc Tmax) limits up to 16 A per phase. Bounds, setup, pitfalls.
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IEC 61000-4-8: power-frequency magnetic field immunity

IEC 61000-4-8 test method: 50/60 Hz magnetic field, levels 1 to 30 A/m, induction coil, criterion A, EN 55035, EN 55024 and EN 60601-1-2 requirements.
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Pre-compliance EMC: TEM cell, near-field probes, LISN

Build an in-house pre-compliance EMC bench: TEM and GTEM cells, near-field probes, LISN, antennas, spectrum analyser and EMI receiver, workflow and pitfalls.
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PCB design for EMC: return paths, decoupling, stackup

PCB design rules for EMC-clean boards on first formal test: return paths, plane stackup, three-tier decoupling, high-speed routing, ESD entry points.
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Antenna design and impedance matching for IoT

Antenna selection, matching network, ground clearance, OTA measurement and detuning factors for BLE, Wi-Fi, LoRa, NB-IoT and GNSS in compact IoT enclosures.
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EMC chamber types: SAC, FAR, OATS, GTEM, reverberation

OATS, SAC, FAR, GTEM and reverberation chambers compared: CISPR 16-1-4 validation, NSA and sVSWR, 3 m vs 10 m, absorber types, reading an EMC lab report.
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HEMP and IEMI: IEC 61000-4-25 and hardened electronics

HEMP threat E1/E2/E3, IEMI/HPM, IEC 61000-2-9, IEC 61000-4-25, IEC 61000-4-36, MIL-STD-188-125, shielding, filters and penetration discipline.
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EMC Directive 2014/30/EU: a guide

Scope, exclusions, essential requirements on emission and immunity, the standards architecture, module A conformity, the EU DoC and CE marking under the EMC Directive.
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Radio spectrum: SRD and license-free bands

License-free SRD and ISM bands, EIRP vs ERP, power limits, duty cycle and LBT, 5 GHz DFS and TPC, plus the ETSI and FCC rules that govern each band.
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Product safety 13 guides

EN 71: toy safety in the European Union

Toy Safety Directive 2009/48/EC, harmonised EN 71 series (parts 1 to 14), 19 migration elements in EN 71-3, EMC, RoHS, REACH, CE marking, connected toys, Notified Body.
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CPSIA and ASTM F963: toy safety in the United States

CPSIA, ASTM F963, Children's Product Certificate (CPC), 100 ppm lead substrate limit, phthalates, tracking labels and testing by a CPSC-Accepted laboratory.
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EN 50332: acoustic safety of music players + headphones

EN 50332 series (parts 1, 2, 3): sound-pressure limits for personal music players and headphones, HATS and artificial-ear coupler methodology, dose, warnings.
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IEC 62368-1: safety of AV, IT and communications gear

Horizontal hazard-based safety engineering standard for audio video, IT and communications equipment: HBSE principle, energy classes, safeguards hierarchy.
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IEC 61010: safety of laboratory and measurement equipment

Horizontal IEC 61010-1 and 61010-2-xxx safety standards for measurement, control and laboratory equipment: measurement categories, pollution degrees.
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EN 60335: safety of household electrical appliances

IEC/EN 60335 series on electrical safety of household and similar appliances: Part 1 horizontal, Parts 2-xx particular standards, LVD, UL 60335-1.
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EN 60598: safety of LED and conventional luminaires

Electrical safety of luminaires under LVD 2014/35/EU: horizontal EN 60598-1, Part 2-xx particulars, Class I/II/III, IP, IK, photobio EN 62471.
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EN 62471 and EN 60825: photobiological and laser safety

EN 62471 (incoherent sources, LEDs, lamps, 4 risk groups) and EN 60825 (laser products, Class 1 to 4): scope, measurement, marking, FDA CDRH.
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CPR (305/2011) and EN 50575 cable reaction-to-fire

Construction Products Regulation route for cables and electrical building products: hENs, AVCP systems, Declaration of Performance, Euroclasses, CPR 2.0.
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ISO 13849 and IEC 62061: machinery safety

Machinery functional safety: ISO 13849-1/-2 (Performance Level a to e, categories, MTTFd, DC, CCF) and IEC 62061 (SIL CL), how they map, and validation.
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GPSR: the General Product Safety Regulation

Regulation (EU) 2023/988 applies since 13 December 2024. Scope, the general safety requirement, operator duties, the EU responsible person and online sales.
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IP and IK ratings: ingress protection explained

The IP code of IEC 60529 (solids, liquids, IPX9K), the IK impact code of IEC 62262, how each is tested, and how to specify and legitimately claim a rating.
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IEC 60068: environmental and mechanical testing

The IEC 60068-2 test family, cold, heat, damp heat, thermal shock, vibration, shock, drop and salt mist, how to pick severities and link to ISO 16750 and MIL-STD-810.
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Wireless alliances 17 guides

Bluetooth SIG qualification, process and product listing

Understanding Bluetooth SIG qualification, distinct from RED or FCC radio certification, its membership tiers, EPL versus Full routes, QDID and DID identifiers.
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Matter certification (CSA): process, DAC and DCL

Reference on CSA Matter certification, membership tiers, DAC/PAA/PAI chain, DCL listing, recertification rules and how it stacks on top of radio cert.
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Wi-Fi Alliance: interoperability + Wi-Fi brand

Wi-Fi Alliance certification, distinct from RED or FCC radio, membership tiers, programmes Wi-Fi 6/6E/7, WPA3, Passpoint and common pitfalls.
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Thread Group: certifying the 802.15.4 IPv6 mesh

Understanding Thread Group certification, its membership tiers, device roles (Border Router, Router, REED, FED, MED), spec versions 1.0 to 1.4, and the link to Matter.
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Zigbee + CSA: certification of the 802.15.4 mesh protocol

Reference on Zigbee certification operated by the CSA: membership, Pro/3.0/Direct specs, ATL, clusters, and how it stacks with Thread, Matter and radio.
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NFC Forum certification and the N-Mark trademark

Understanding NFC Forum certification, its modes, tag types T1 to T5, NDEF, N-Mark licensing, and its relationship with ISO/IEC 14443 and EMVCo.
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LoRa Alliance: LoRaWAN end-device certification

Understanding the LoRaWAN certification programme, distinct from Semtech's LoRa physical layer and from RED or FCC radio certification, with tiers, classes and regions.
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Wi-SUN Alliance: IPv6 mesh sub-GHz certification

The Wi-SUN Certified programme: FAN, HAN and JUTA profiles, node roles, IEEE 802.15.4g, regional channel plans, articulation with RED and FCC Part 15.247.
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DECT Forum: certification of classic DECT and DECT NR+

Understanding the DECT Forum, certification of classic DECT (voice, ULE) and DECT-2020 NR+ (5G IMT-2020 IoT radio under ETSI TS 103 636), distinct from RED.
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USB-IF: USB-C, USB4 and USB Power Delivery certification

USB-IF certification programme: VID, PID, USB-C, USB4 and USB PD compliance, cable e-marker, alternate modes, alignment with EU Directive 2022/2380.
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HDMI Forum and HDMI LA: device and cable certification

Understanding the HDMI Forum versus HDMI LA split, the Adopter Agreement, cable categories, HDCP, and the Ultra High Speed certification programme.
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DLNA and OCF: media + IoT interoperability

Reference on DLNA (programme dissolved 2017, legacy mark) and OCF (current IoT specifications, IoTivity, ACL2, OBT) and their articulation with Matter.
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MFi (Made for iPhone), Apple accessory certification

MFi programme structure, Lightning and USB-C auth coprocessor, AirPlay, HomeKit, CarPlay, Find My, MagSafe, Apple Watch chargers, badge rules and pitfalls.
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Amazon AVS and Google Cast accessory certification

Alexa Built-in, ACK, Chromecast built-in and Google Assistant built-in: acoustic test plan, wake-word, AFE, Widevine, mDNS-SD and DIAL for connected accessories.
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Qi, Qi2 wireless charging certification (WPC)

Qi v2.1 by the Wireless Power Consortium: BPP, EPP, MPP profiles, FOD, Q-factor, EMC at 87-205 kHz, authentication and certification by WPC-recognised labs.
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UWB and FiRa Consortium certification

UWB ranging certification: IEEE 802.15.4z, FiRa Consortium profiles, ETSI EN 302 065, FCC Part 15 Subpart F, ARIB, CCC Digital Key, secure ranging and AoA.
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Niche wireless: ANT+, KNX-RF, DECT ULE, 6LoWPAN

Engineer guide to ANT/ANT+, KNX-RF, DECT ULE and 6LoWPAN: alliance interop, underlying radio cert (FCC, RED, MIC), bands, common pitfalls.
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Mobile operators 11 guides

Verizon OPC: carrier homologation after PTCRB

Technical guide to Verizon Open Product Certification (OPC) on the ODI portal: scope, module vs device tiers, SGP.32 eUICC, LPA, approved labs, common pitfalls.
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AT&T NAF / NAFI: carrier homologation, cellular IoT

Technical guide to AT&T NAF / NAFI on the IoT portal: scope vs PTCRB, AT&T bands B66/n66/n77, module vs device, SGP.32 eUICC, FirstNet, common pitfalls.
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T-Mobile US: cellular IoT homologation and the LTS programme

Technical guide to T-Mobile US IoT certification: Live Test System (LTS), IoT lab, Approved Devices, EIR/IMEI registration, n71 600 MHz, n41 2.5 GHz, scope vs PTCRB.
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Vodafone Global IoT: device acceptance and eSIM

Technical guide to Vodafone Global IoT device acceptance: scope vs PTCRB and GCF, GDSP platform, SGP.22 and SGP.32 eUICC, NIDD, PSM, eDRX, IoT Hub, common pitfalls.
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Deutsche Telekom IoT: acceptance, nuSIM and Cloud of Things

Technical guide to Deutsche Telekom T-IoT acceptance, position relative to PTCRB and GCF, nuSIM integrated SIM, Cloud of Things, SGP.32, NB-IoT roaming.
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Orange Live IoT: cellular acceptance, Datavenue

Orange Group's IoT acceptance programme for cellular devices on Orange France and African affiliates, Datavenue platform, eUICC, LTE-M, NB-IoT and 5G.
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China Mobile, Telecom, Unicom: cellular IoT acceptance

Operator acceptance from the three Chinese mobile network operators for cellular IoT, on top of SRRC and CCC: bands, approved modules, eUICC, APN, IMEI.
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NTT DoCoMo, KDDI, SoftBank, Rakuten: Japan cellular

Carrier acceptance in Japan: NTT DoCoMo, KDDI au, SoftBank, Rakuten Mobile. Layered above GITEKI/TELEC and MIC: bands B18 B19 n28 n78 n79, eUICC, pitfalls.
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Telstra, Optus, TPG: cellular IoT acceptance in Australia

Carrier acceptance with Telstra, Optus, TPG in Australia: layering over ACMA/RCM, bands B3/5/7/28 and n78/n258, NB-IoT, Cat-M, eUICC, IMEI.
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GCF: Global Certification Forum cellular device scheme

GCF cellular device certification: relationship to PTCRB, GCF Field Trials, Work Items, Device Certification Criteria, test platforms and 3GPP conformance.
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PTCRB vs GCF: cellular device certification

PTCRB vs GCF compared: North American CTIA scheme vs global operator-led forum, 3GPP test cases, operator acceptance, and when an OEM needs one or both.
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Regional certifications 28 guides

UKCA: the United Kingdom post-Brexit conformity marking

UKCA, the post-Brexit UK conformity marking, its Great Britain scope, the Northern Ireland Windsor Framework, and the extended recognition of CE.
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ISED Canada: radio certification and REL listing

ISED Canada RSS and ICES standards, Category I and II, certification process, mutual recognition arrangement with the FCC, and Radio Equipment List obligations.
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ACMA and RCM: product compliance for Australia + NZ

The Australian RCM mark, ACMA, compliance levels, Supplier Code Number, EESS, AS/NZS standards, and New Zealand recognition via the TTMRA.
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KC mark: product certification in South Korea

KC mark, unified Korean conformity scheme, RRA and MSIT for radio, KATS for safety and EMC, Korean accredited labs and mandatory local representative.
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TELEC / GITEKI: radio certification in Japan

Japan radio certification GITEKI: MIC regulator, RCBs such as TELEC, the Radio Law (Denpa-hou), Koujisekkei type approval and Japan-specific band plans.
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NCC Taiwan: radio certification and BSMI

NCC Taiwan certification for radio plus BSMI for safety/EMC: DOC and Certified Approval routes, local band plans, in-country representative and Chinese labelling.
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ANATEL Brazil: certification and Homologation Number

ANATEL, Brazilian telecommunications agency, Categories I-II-III, accredited OCDs, Homologation Number, Portuguese labelling and mandatory local representative.
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SRRC + CMIIT: mainland China radio certification

SRRC under MIIT, CMIIT ID identifier, mainland China radio type approval, frequency plans, local representative, articulation with CCC for safety and EMC.
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CCC (3C) mark: product certification for mainland China

CCC or 3C mark, mandatory Chinese safety and EMC certification, CNCA under SAMR, CQC, factory inspection, GB standards and required local representative.
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NOM and IFT: certification in Mexico

NOM (Normas Oficiales Mexicanas) and IFT, two parallel streams, accredited OEC bodies (ANCE, NYCE, ONNCCE), Spanish labelling and mandatory representante legal.
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CITC and SASO: certification in Saudi Arabia

CITC for radio and telecoms, SASO for safety and EMC, the SABER platform, Arabic labelling and the local representative for the Saudi market.
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TDRA (UAE) and SDPPI (Indonesia): radio approval

TDRA in the United Arab Emirates (with ECAS / MOIAT) and SDPPI in Indonesia (with TKDN): radio type-approval, band plans, local representatives and bilingual labelling.
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ICASA South Africa: type approval and NRCS LoA

ICASA for radio, NRCS for the Letter of Authority on safety and EMC, SANS standards from SABS: how South African certification splits and where it trips.
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EAC mark: conformity for the Eurasian Economic Union

EAC mark, Eurasian conformity, covering five member states under TR CU and TR EAEU for safety and EMC, distinct from the Roskomnadzor radio regime.
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India: BIS (CRS), TEC (MTCTE) and WPC (ETA) certifications

Three regulators for the Indian market: BIS Compulsory Registration Scheme, TEC MTCTE for telecoms, WPC ETA and SACFA for radio, and the AIR local representative.
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IMDA Singapore: radio and telecom certification

IMDA, Equipment Registration Framework, G/S/R categories, TS standards, Singapore frequency plan, local representative and CSA-CLS cybersecurity.
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Thailand NBTC: radio and telecom certification

NBTC, Thailand's radio and telecom regulator: classes A to D, type approval, Thai labelling, Wi-Fi and 5G band plan, local representative.
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Vietnam MIC: radio, telecom and ICT certification

MIC, VNTA, QCVN and TCVN, DoC and CoC routes, Vietnamese labelling, frequency plan, operator acceptance and the local representative for the Vietnamese market.
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Malaysia SIRIM and MCMC: product and radio certification

SIRIM QAS for safety and EMC, MCMC for radio and telecoms, SIRIM Mark and MCMC label, local representative and operator acceptance for the Malaysian market.
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Philippines NTC: type acceptance for radio and telecom

NTC (National Telecommunications Commission), Equipment Type Approval (ETA) vs Customer Type Approval (CTA), label code, local representative and operator acceptance.
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GCC: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman and the G-Mark (GSO)

GSO framework and G-Mark, radio and product-safety regulators in Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar and Oman, Arabic / English bilingual labelling, local representatives.
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Switzerland: product certification and the EU-CH MRA

Swiss product and radio certification: federal regulators (OFCOM, METAS, ESTI, Swissmedic), EU-CH Mutual Recognition Agreement and its 2021 erosion for medical devices.
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LATAM: Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Peru (post-Brazil)

Regional guide for the next four LATAM markets after Brazil and Mexico: ENACOM (Argentina), SUBTEL (Chile), ANE and CRC (Colombia), MTC (Peru).
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Africa: Egypt (NTRA), Nigeria (NCC), Kenya (CA)

Mapping African certifications beyond South Africa: NTRA Egypt, NCC and SON Nigeria, CA and KEBS Kenya, shared patterns, country-specific pitfalls.
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New Zealand and Pakistan radio certification

Type approval for radio in New Zealand (RSM Supplier's Declaration of Conformity, R-NZ mark) and Pakistan (PTA Type Approval), with local-rep notes.
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CB Scheme (IECEE): global safety via one report

The IECEE CB Scheme lets you test product safety once, get a CB Test Certificate and report, then unlock national approvals in member countries with minimal re-testing.
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NRTL / UL listing: US product safety explained

Why the US splits radio (FCC) from product safety, how the OSHA NRTL program works, what Listed means, and when a UL, ETL or CSA mark is required.
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SRRC vs FCC: China and US radio approval

China SRRC/CMIIT vs US FCC: issuing bodies, radio scope, CMIIT ID vs FCC ID, labelling, frequency and power limits, test-in-country rules, decision table.
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Medical devices 6 guides

MDR: the EU Medical Device Regulation (2017/745)

Overview of Regulation (EU) 2017/745, what it changes versus the MDD, risk classes, conformity assessment routes, UDI, EUDAMED and transition deadlines.
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FDA 510(k), De Novo and PMA: US medical devices

Overview of FDA pathways for medical devices, risk classes I/II/III, 510(k), De Novo request, PMA, IDE, HDE, 513(g), Q-Submission and QMSR.
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IVDR (EU) 2017/746: in vitro diagnostic medical devices

Overview of Regulation (EU) 2017/746 on in vitro diagnostics, A/B/C/D classification, conformity routes, EU reference laboratories and transition timeline.
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IEC 60601-1: safety of medical electrical equipment

Horizontal safety and essential performance standard for medical electrical equipment: editions, collateral 60601-1-x and particular 60601-2-x standards, MOOP/MOPP.
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MDR class IIb and III: UDI, EUDAMED, NB, surveillance

MDR class IIb and III, conformity routes (Annex IX/X/XI), Annex II technical file, UDI, EUDAMED, notified body, clinical evaluation and PSUR.
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Certifying a medical wearable: where to start

Which certifications a medical wearable needs: medical-device vs wellness boundary, MDR (CE), IEC 60601, IEC 62304, ISO 14971, FDA 510(k), radio and battery.
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Transport & defense 13 guides

ISO 26262: automotive functional safety

ISO 26262 (2nd edition 2018), automotive functional safety: ASIL, HARA, the 10-part safety lifecycle, and links to SOTIF (21448) and cybersecurity (21434).
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IATF 16949: automotive quality management

Overview of IATF 16949:2016, its relation to ISO 9001, the OEM Customer-Specific Requirements, the five AIAG/VDA core tools, and the certification audit cycle.
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AEC-Q100, Q101, Q200: automotive component qualification

AEC-Q100 (integrated circuits), AEC-Q101 (discrete semiconductors), AEC-Q200 (passives) automotive qualification: grades, test groups, ISO 26262 and PPAP linkage.
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DO-178C and DO-254: avionics software and hardware

RTCA/EUROCAE framework for airborne software (DO-178C/ED-12C) and electronic hardware (DO-254/ED-80) certification: DAL A-E, objectives, supplements, FAA AC and EASA AMC.
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EN 50128 and EN 50657: railway software assurance

CENELEC railway software assurance: EN 50128 (signalling), EN 50657 (rolling stock), 50126/50128/50129 family, SSIL 0-4, tool classes T1/T2/T3, TSIs.
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IEC 60945: maritime navigation + radiocomm

Horizontal environmental and EMC standard for shipboard equipment. Wheelmark under MED 2014/90/EU, articulation with IMO SOLAS, USCG, IEC 60533 and IEC 61162.
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EASA C0 to C6: UAS drone classes and ID labelling

The seven UAS class identification labels of Regulation (EU) 2019/945, their mapping to the 2019/947 operating categories, and the CE marking path.
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EV charging: IEC 61851, ISO 15118 and OCPP conformity

IEC 61851 charging modes, ISO 15118 Plug and Charge with V2G PKI, OCPP 1.6 and 2.0.1 back-office, UL 2202/2231/2594 for North America.
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MIL-STD-461 and MIL-STD-464, defense EMC standards

MIL-STD-461H subsystem EMC and MIL-STD-464D platform E3 for US DoD and NATO programs: test families, tailoring, EMICP, TEMPEST, common pitfalls.
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DO-326A and ED-202A: avionics cybersecurity airworthiness

DO-326A / ED-202A airworthiness security process: PSecAC, TARA, SecRA, CS 25.1319 since 2024, FAA Part 25, ED-204A continued airworthiness for avionics.
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MIL-STD-1275E: 28 VDC military vehicle power

MIL-STD-1275E voltage envelopes, transients, surges, spikes and cold-start curves for 28 VDC electrical systems on US military ground vehicles.
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Automotive cybersecurity: 21434, R155, R156

ISO/SAE 21434, CAL levels, TARA and item definition, UNECE R155 (CSMS) and R156 (SUMS), WP.29 type approval, interplay with ISO 26262 and the application timeline.
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ECE R10: automotive EMC and the E-mark

Guide to UNECE Regulation No. 10 (ECE R10) for automotive EMC type approval of vehicles and ESAs, the E-mark, and the CISPR and ISO test suite.
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Cybersecurity 13 guides

Cyber Resilience Act (CRA): EU baseline for digital

Regulation (EU) 2024/2847, scope, product classes, essential requirements, conformity assessment routes, ENISA reporting and the staged timeline through December 2027.
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ETSI EN 303 645: cybersecurity for consumer IoT

ETSI EN 303 645 V3.1.3, thirteen cybersecurity provisions for consumer IoT, TS 103 701 assessment and the relationship with RED 3.3 and EN 18031.
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Common Criteria (ISO/IEC 15408): IT security eval

International framework for IT security evaluation. EAL 1 to 7 assurance levels, Protection Profiles, Security Targets, CCRA and SOG-IS MRA recognition, EUCC.
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FIPS 140-3: cryptographic module validation

FIPS 140-3, CMVP programme, four security levels, SP 800-140 approved algorithms, 140-2 to 140-3 transition and post-quantum migration.
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CSPN and ANSSI Visa: French cybersec certification

ANSSI evaluation schemes, CSPN first-level certification, Common Criteria, Qualification Elementaire/Standard/Renforce, CESTI labs, LPM, EUCC and SecNumCloud.
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PSA Certified: Arm-led IoT security baseline

PSA Certified, the Arm-led IoT security certification programme: PSA framework, levels 1 to 3, PSA-RoT, PSA Crypto API, and articulation with SESIP and RED 3.3.
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SESIP: IoT platform security evaluation methodology

SESIP, the GlobalPlatform GP_FST_070 IoT cybersecurity evaluation methodology derived from Common Criteria, five AVA_VAN levels, composition and EN 18031 mapping.
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NIST SP 800-213 and 8259A: US baseline for IoT cybersecurity

NISTIR 8259, 8259A, 8259B and SP 800-213/213A, the US baseline of IoT cybersecurity capabilities for federal procurement and manufacturers, mapped to EN 303 645.
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NISTIR 8425 and the US Cyber Trust Mark: consumer-IoT label

NISTIR 8425 consumer-IoT baseline, FCC-administered US Cyber Trust Mark, CLA and CyberLAB roles, QR registry, comparison with CRA and PSTI Act.
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CMMC and UK Cyber Essentials: defense cyber baselines

CMMC 2.0 for the US Defense Industrial Base, UK Cyber Essentials and Plus: scope, levels, assessment routes, common pitfalls for electronics manufacturers.
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IEC 62443 (ISA-99), industrial control cybersecurity

IEC 62443 series for IACS cybersecurity, zones and conduits, security levels SL 0 to 4, foundational requirements, SDL 62443-4-1, ISASecure and CRA hooks.
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TPM 2.0 and TCG hardware security

TPM 2.0, TCG specification, ISO/IEC 11889, discrete and firmware TPM, PCRs, sealing, attestation, Common Criteria, FIPS 140-3 and integration pitfalls.
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EU AI Act: product compliance for manufacturers

How Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 reshapes CE marking when AI is embedded in a regulated product, risk tiers, high-risk obligations, and the phased timeline.
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Environment & sustainability 16 guides

EU Battery Regulation 2023/1542: passport, carbon

EU regulation on batteries and waste batteries, five categories (portable, LMT, EV, industrial, SLI), battery passport, carbon footprint, 2024-2028 calendar.
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RoHS 2011/65/EU: restricted hazardous substances in EEE

RoHS 2 directive and amendments 2015/863, 2017/2102: ten restricted substances, eleven categories, exemptions, IEC 63000, CE marking and RoHS-equivalent regimes.
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REACH 1907/2006: chemical substances and SVHC

REACH regulation, four pillars (registration, evaluation, authorisation, restriction), SVHC candidate list, Article 33, SCIP database, RoHS comparison.
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WEEE 2012/19/EU: European e-waste management framework

Directive 2012/19/EU on waste electrical and electronic equipment: six Annex III categories, national registers, producer responsibility organisations, EPR.
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ErP / Ecodesign 2009/125/EC: product energy efficiency

Ecodesign Framework Directive 2009/125/EC, implementing regulations, energy label 2017/1369, EPREL database, transition to ESPR 2024/1781 and CE marking.
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ESPR (EU) 2024/1781: Sustainable Products Reg

ESPR Regulation 2024/1781, expanded scope, twelve ecodesign axes, Digital Product Passport (DPP), delegated acts 2025-2030, ErP, Battery and CRA interplay.
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Energy Star: the US voluntary energy-efficiency program

Energy Star, the US voluntary EPA and DOE energy-efficiency program: versioned product specifications, third-party certification, product database and reporting.
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DEEE in France: French version of EU WEEE

French Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment regime, Code de l'Environnement, Loi AGEC, RPDP register, ecosystem and ecologic eco-organisations.
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IEC 62133 and UN 38.3: Li-ion battery safety and transport

Li-ion cell and battery safety under IEC 62133-2 and UN 38.3 transport qualification (Manual of Tests and Criteria, Section 38.3): scope, tests, articulation.
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Conflict minerals: Dodd-Frank, EU 2017/821, CMRT and EMRT

Conflict minerals due diligence for electronics: Dodd-Frank Section 1502, EU 2017/821, CMRT 6.40 and EMRT, RMAP smelter conformance, OECD five-step framework.
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EU Ecolabel, PEF and LCA for electronic products

EU Ecolabel under Regulation (EC) 66/2010, PEF methodology per Recommendation (EU) 2021/2279, ISO 14040 / 14044 / 14025 LCA framework, EPD and Green Claims Directive.
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Lithium battery shipping: IATA DGR, IMDG, ADR, DOT

Lithium-ion and lithium-metal shipping under UN Model Regulations: UN 38.3, IATA DGR, IMDG, ADR, 49 CFR, packing instructions, UN packaging codes, labelling, SoC.
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TSCA: US Toxic Substances Control Act

TSCA framework for electronics: EPA Section 6 PIP (3:1) and PBT rules, Section 5 PMN and SNUR, the TSCA Inventory, import certification and PFAS reporting.
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PPWR: the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste rules

How the Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR) replaces Directive 94/62/EC: recyclability, recycled content, minimisation, reuse, labelling and EPR.
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California Prop 65 warnings for electronics

California Proposition 65, a state right-to-know warning law, the OEHHA chemical list, the safe-harbor warning, NSRL and MADL levels, and the 60-day notice risk.
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Digital Product Passport (DPP) under the ESPR

What the EU Digital Product Passport is, the data it carries, its QR or RFID data carrier, which product groups come first, and how to prepare.
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Industry sectors 12 guides

ATEX and IECEx: equipment for explosive atmospheres

Directive 2014/34/EU (ATEX equipment) and the IECEx scheme, zones, categories, EN 60079 protection types, Ex marking, certification, and link to CE marking.
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Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC and Regulation (EU) 2023/1230

EU machinery framework: Directive 2006/42/EC scope, Annex I EHSRs, Annex IV high-risk list, harmonised standards (EN ISO 12100 / 13849-1), transition to 2023/1230.
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PED 2014/68/EU: pressure equipment and categories I-IV

Directive 2014/68/EU (PED): pressure equipment above 0.5 bar, categories I-IV by PS, V, DN and fluid group, conformity assessment modules and CE marking.
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MID 2014/32/EU: Measuring Instruments (MI-001 to 010)

Directive 2014/32/EU for measuring instruments in legal metrology. Categories MI-001 to MI-010, assessment modules and the M marking format.
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Solar PV modules: IEC 61730 safety and IEC 61215 performance

IEC 61730 safety and IEC 61215 performance qualification for PV modules, with PID, salt mist, ammonia, energy rating IEC 61853 and bifacial test.
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KNX, DALI-2 and EnOcean certification

Building automation and lighting protocol certifications: KNX Association, DiiA DALI-2 and EnOcean Alliance test programs, mark licensing and RED overlap.
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ISO 10218 and ISO/TS 15066: robotics and cobot safety

ISO 10218-1 and -2 (2025 edition) plus ISO/TS 15066 for cobots: collaborative modes, biomechanical limits, EN harmonisation under the Machinery framework.
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EMVCo and PCI PTS: payment device certification

How payment terminals and card readers get certified: EMVCo Level 1 and Level 2, PCI PTS POI, SPoC and CPoC, plus Visa and Mastercard scheme approval.
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Certifying a smart lock: the full stack

Which certifications does a connected smart lock need? Radio (RED, FCC, ISED), safety, cybersecurity (RED 3.3, EN 18031, CRA), environment and fire egress.
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Certifying a Bluetooth Low Energy Wearable

Which certifications a Bluetooth Low Energy wearable needs: radio (RED, FCC, ISED), Bluetooth SIG qualification, body-worn SAR, safety, battery, cyber, environment.
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What certifications does a LoRaWAN sensor need?

A use-case hub for LoRaWAN sensors: radio (RED, FCC, ISED), LoRaWAN Certification, battery safety and shipping, cyber and environmental rules, with a checklist.
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What certifications does an EV charger need?

EV charger compliance stack: CE marking via LVD, EMC, RED and MID, North American UL listing, RoHS, plus CRA and IEC 62443 cybersecurity requirements.
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Where to start

If you are scoping a market launch, start with the Process & methodology guides, they cover the decision moments, self-declaration or notified body, timeline and costs. For normative technical detail, see the pillars:

• CE marking: European directives, conformity assessment
• RED Directive: radio equipment, articles 3.1 to 3.3
• FCC certification: 47 CFR Part 15, SDoC, Certification
• PTCRB cellular: North American operator homologation

For interactive orientation, see the tools: four wizards that guide you in two to five minutes.